Diagnostic tests for medullary thyroid carcinoma: an umbrella review.

PURPOSE: To summarize the more robust evidence about the performance of tools useful for diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) such as calcitonin (Ctn) and other circulating markers, ultrasound (US), fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and other imaging procedures. METHODS: This systematic review of systematic reviews was carried out according to a predefined protocol. A search string was created. An electronical comprehensive search of literature was performed on December 2022. Quality assessment of eligible systematic reviews was performed and main findings were described. RESULTS: Twenty-three systematic reviews were included and several findings were achieved. Ctn is the most reliable diagnostic marker of MTC with no evidence of improvement with stimulation test. CEA doubling time is more reliable than Ctn in identifying MTC with poorer prognosis. US sensitivity is suboptimal in MTC and only just over half of cases are at high risk according to Thyroid Imaging And Reporting Data Systems. Cytology can correctly detect MTC in just over half of cases and measuring Ctn in washout fluid from FNA is necessary. PET/CT is useful for detecting recurrent MTC. CONCLUSIONS: Future guidelines of both thyroid nodule management and MTC diagnosis should consider these evidence-based data.

Value of combined detection of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in differential diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children of China.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic value of combined detection of serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in children with bacteria or non-bacterial respiratory tract infection. METHODS: 200 children with respiratory tract infections diagnosed in our hospital were included in the study. According to the results of the aetiological examination, they were divided into bacterial infection group and non-bacterial infection group. At the same time, 100 healthy children admitted to the hospital for physical examination during the same period were selected as the healthy subjects control group. Changes in serum SAA, PCT and CRP in three groups were compared. Comparison of a positive rate of the single index and combined detection were performed. Children with bacterial infections were treated with conventional antibiotics. The changes in serum SAA, PCT and CRP in the infection group before and after treatment were compared. The efficacy of SAA, PCT and CRP alone and in combination was compared. RESULTS: The serum SAA, PCT and CRP levels in the bacterial infection group were higher than those in the non-bacterial infection group and healthy children, and the differences were statistically significant. The positive detection rates and combined detection rates of serum SAA, PCT and CRP in the bacterial infection group were higher than those in the non-bacterial infection group and the healthy subject's control group. After conventional antibiotic treatment, serum SAA, PCT and CR levels in children with bacterial infection were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: The combined detection based on SAA, CRP and PCT can effectively identify and diagnose respiratory tract infection in children, providing a certain reference for the promotion of the diagnostic scheme. Key messagesSerum SAA, PCT and CRP were highly expressed in children with respiratory tract infection, and the expression level was the highest in children with bacterial pneumonia.The combined detection of serum SAA, CRP and PCT indicators have higher diagnostic efficiency and can effectively make a differential diagnosis of respiratory tract infection in children.

Association between blood lead levels and markers of calcium homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic Pb exposure associated systemic illness are partly posited to involve calcium homeostasis. Present systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the association between chronic lead exposure and markers of calcium homeostasis. Observational studies documenting the changes in calcium homeostasis markers (i.e. serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D & calcitonin) between occupationally Pb exposed group and control group were systematically searched from pubmed-Medline, Scopus, and Embase digital databases since inception to September 24, 2021. The protocol was earlier registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020199503) and executed adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Mean differences of calcium homeostasis markers between the groups were analysed using random-effects model. Conventional I2 statistics was employed to assess heterogeneity, while the risk for various biases were assessed using Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Sub-group, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed where data permitted. Eleven studies including 837 Pb exposed and 739 controls were part of the present study. Pb exposed group exhibited higher mean blood lead level [i.e. 36.13 (with 95% CI 25.88-46.38) µg/dl] significantly lower serum calcium (i.e. - 0.72 mg/dl with 95% CI - 0.36 to - 1.07) and trend of higher parathyroid levels and lower vitamin D levels than controls. Heterogeneity was high (I2 > 90%) among the studies. Considering the cardinal role of calcium in multiple biological functions, present observations emphasis the need for periodic evaluation of calcium levels and its markers among those with known cumulative Pb exposure.

Preoperative calcitonin testing improves the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in female and male patients.

AIM: Calcitonin (Ctn) measurement in patients with thyroid disease could potentially increase the detection rates of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) but remains a controversial issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate routine preoperative Ctn measurements. METHODS: All patients with thyroid surgery documented in the prospective StuDoQ|Thyroid registry between March 2017 and September 2020 were included. Cutoff levels for Ctn were determined with receiver-operating characteristic analyses to assess the preoperative diagnosis of MTC in subgroups for females and males. FINDINGS: In 29 590 of 39 679 patients (75%) participating in the registry, routine preoperative Ctn testing was performed. In 357 patients (227 females and 130 males), histopathology confirmed MTC with a mean tumor size of 14.7 mm (±12.43). Biochemical cure was achieved in 71.4% of the patients. Ctn levels between 11 and 20 pg/mL were seen in 2.6% of the patients, and only 0.7% of the patients had Ctn levels above 21 pg/mL. Cutoff levels for the diagnosis of MTC were 7.9 pg/mL for females and 15 pg/mL for males (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity for females were 95 and 98%, and 96 and 97% for males, respectively. CONCLUSION: Routine Ctn testing is a reliable predictor for MTC and provides the opportunity for earlier thyroidectomy before lymph node metastases occur, resulting in a better prognosis. Females with Ctn levels >7.9 pg/mL and males >15 pg/mL without any other extrathyroidal sources for an elevated Ctn should be monitored. Thyroid surgery should be considered if Ctn levels are increasing or ultrasound detects suspicious thyroid lesions.

Clinical challenges with calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma: three case reports and a review of the literature.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is relatively rare, and has the main feature of calcitonin (Ct) secretion. However, a few cases of MTC with negative serum calcitonin have been reported in the literature, so the diagnosis and follow up of Ct-negative MTCs are still a challenge. Here we present three cases of Ct-negative MTCs, illustrating the rarity of the disease and challenges in managing it, together with a review of the literature of 39 MTCs with negative serum Ct.

Presence or severity of Hashimoto's thyroiditis does not influence basal calcitonin levels: observations from CROHT biobank.

PURPOSE: The influence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) on calcitonin (Ct) production is unresolved question. The aim of this study was to explore if basal Ct levels are influenced by the presence/severity of HT or correlated with clinical phenotypes of HT patients. METHODS: We included 467 HT patients and 184 control participants, from Croatian Biobank of HT patients (CROHT), in this retrospective study. Calcitonin levels between HT patients and controls were compared using Mann-Whitney test. Ct levels between two subgroups of HT patients, divided by intake of levothyroxine (LT4) therapy, were additionally tested to take into account the illness severity. Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze correlations between Ct levels and 14 relevant phenotypes. RESULTS: We have not detected significant differences in median Ct levels between HT patients and controls (2.2 vs 2.35 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.717) nor in-between two subgroups of HT patients (P = 0.347). We have not detected statistically significant correlations between Ct levels and clinical phenotypes, although we identified three weak nominal correlations: negative correlation of Ct with TgAb in all HT patients (r = - 0.1, P = 0.04); negative correlation of Ct with age in subgroup of HT patients without LT4 therapy (r = - 0.13, P = 0.04); positive correlation of Ct with BSA in subgroup of HT patients on LT4 therapy (r = 0.16, P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HT patients of all disease stages preserve Ct production as healthy individuals and there is no need for Ct measurements in the absence of a nodule. Additional confirmation and clarification of observed nominal correlations are needed due to potential clinical relevance of TgAb and age-dependent Ct decrease in HT women.

Circulating miR-147b as a diagnostic marker for patients with bacterial sepsis and septic shock.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis, precise antimicrobial treatment and subsequent patient stratification can improve sepsis outcomes. Circulating biomarkers such as plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) have proven to be surrogates for diagnosis, severity and case management of infections. The expression of four selected miRNAs (miR-146-3p, miR-147b, miR-155 and miR-223) was validated for their prognostic and diagnostic potential in a clinically defined cohort of patients with sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: The expression of plasma miRNAs was quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in patients with bacterial sepsis (n = 78), in patients with septic shock (n = 52) and in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF; n = 69) and in healthy controls (n = 82). RESULTS: The expression of studied miRNA was significantly increased in patients with bacterial sepsis and septic shock. The plasma miR-147b was able to differentiate bacterial sepsis from non-sepsis and septic shock (AUC = 0.77 and 0.8, respectively, p≤ 0.05), while the combination of plasma miR-147b and procalcitonin (PCT) predicted septic shock (AUC = 0.86, p≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The plasma miR-147b may be an useful biomarker independently or in combination with PCT to support clinical diagnosis of sepsis and equally prognosis of patients with septic shock.

The inflammatory biomarkers profile of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and its association with patient's outcome: A single centered study.

Several reports highlighted the central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease. Also, the hyper-inflammatory response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrom-Covid-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was believed to play an essential role in disease severity and adverse clinical course. For that reason, the classical inflammatory markers were proposed as a possible indicator for COVID-19 severity. However, an extensive analysis of the predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers in large patients' cohorts is still limited and critically needed. In this study we investigated the predictive value of the classical inflammatory biomarkers in a patient cohort consists of 541 COVID-19 patients admitted to Al Kuwait Hospital, Dubai, UAE. A detailed analysis of the association between the essential inflammatory markers and clinical characteristics as well as clinical outcome of the patients were made. In addition, the correlation between those markers and a wide range of laboratory biomarkers and incidence of acute organs injury were investigated. Our results showed a significant elevation of many inflammatory markers including white cell count (WBC) count, neutrophils count, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in patients with more severe illness. Also, our results highlighted that higher levels of those markers can predict worse patient outcome including the need of ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, multiple organs dysfunction as well as death. In addition, Our results showed that the presence of lymphopenia and lower absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) at the time of admission were associated with severe to critical COVID-19 illness (P<0.0001), presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (P<0.0001) and the need for ventilation and ICU admission., Moreover, our results showed a strong association between lower ALC count and multiple organs dysfunction and patient's death (P<0.0001). In conclusion, our results highlighted the possible use of classical inflammatory biomarkers at time of admission as a potential predictive marker for more severe clinical course in COVID-19 patients that might need more aggressive therapeutic approach including the need of ventilators and ICU admission. The presence of such predictive markers might improve patient's stratification and help in the direction of the available resources to patients in need, which in turn help in improving our response to the disease pandemic.

Serum Calcitonin-Negative Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Series of 19 Patients in a Single Center.

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare cancer that accounts for 5% of thyroid cancers. Serum calcitonin is a good biomarker for MTC, which is used for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of recurrence. Calcitonin-negative MTC (CNMTC) is rare but confounds diagnostic and prognostic directions. This study introduces 19 cases of CNMTC in a single center. Method: From 2002 March to 2020 July, more than 76,500 patients had undergone thyroid surgery due to thyroid cancer at the Severance Hospital, and a total of 320 patients were diagnosed with MTC (0.4%). Serum calcitonin levels were obtained from every patient who was suspected with MTC. These patients had undergone either bilateral total thyroidectomy or unilateral thyroidectomy with central compartment lymph node dissection, and additional modified radical lymph node dissection if lateral lymph node metastasis was positive. Postoperative monitoring and out-patient clinic follow-up were performed with obtaining the serum calcitonin levels. Result: Nineteen patients tested negative for calcitonin preoperatively (6%). The mean preoperative calcitonin level was 5.1pg/mL if undetectable level is regarded as 0pg/mL. Only two patients were males, and the female bias was significant (p = 0.017). No one except two patients with modified radical neck dissection showed central compartment lymph node metastasis. Every patient's postoperative calcitonin level remained low. The median follow-up period was 71 months. There was no recurrence and only one fatality, and the overall survival rate was 95%. Conclusion: Since incidence of CNMTC is not negligible, MTC should not be ruled out in the diagnostic phase even if serum calcitonin is negative in preoperative examination. We presented 19 cases of CNMTC whose prognosis in general were favorable. Markers of serum and immunohistochemical samples other than calcitonin should be actively examined.

Presepsin as a predictor of septic shock in patients with urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND: Recently, presepsin has been reported to be a useful biomarker for early diagnosis of sepsis and evaluation of prognosis in septic patients. However, few reports have evaluated its usefulness in patients with urinary tract infections (UTI). This study aimed to evaluate whether presepsin could be a valuable marker for detecting severe sepsis, and whether it could predict the therapeutic course in patients with UTI compared with markers already used: procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS: From April 2014 to December 2016, a total of 50 patients with urinary tract infections admitted to Gunma university hospital were enrolled in this study. Vital signs, presepsin, PCT, CRP, white blood cell (WBC) count, causative agents of urinary-tract infections, and other data were evaluated on the enrollment, third, and fifth days. The patients were divided into two groups: with (n = 11) or without (n = 39) septic shock on the enrollment day, and with (n = 7) or without (n = 43) sepsis on the fifth day, respectively. Presepsin was evaluated as a biomarker for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or septic shock. RESULTS: Regarding the enrollment day, there was no significant difference of presepsin between the SIRS and non-SIRS groups (p = 0.276). The median value of presepsin (pg/mL) was significantly higher in the septic shock group (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that presepsin (≥ 500 pg/ml) was an independent risk factor for septic shock (p = 0.007). ROC curve for diagnosing septic shock indicated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.881 for presepsin (vs. 0.690, 0.583, and 0.527 for PCT, CRP and WBC, respectively). Regarding the 5th day after admission, the median presepsin value on the enrollment day was significantly higher in the SIRS groups than in the non-SIRS groups (p = 0.006). On the other hand, PCT (≥ 2 ng/ml) on the enrollment day was an independent risk factor for SIRS. ROC curve for diagnosing sepsis on the fifth day indicated an AUC of 0.837 for PCT (vs. 0.817, 0.811, and 0.802 for presepsin, CRP, and WBC, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that presepsin may be a good marker for diagnosing septic shock based on admission data in patients with UTI.

Prognostic Value of Preoperative Serum Calcitonin Levels for Predicting the Recurrence of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Background: Serum calcitonin level is a useful biomarker for predicting primary tumor size, the extent of lymph node, and distant metastasis in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). However, the association between preoperative serum calcitonin levels and long-term oncologic outcomes has not yet been established. The aims of this study were to determine the preoperative serum calcitonin cut-off value for predicting disease recurrence and to evaluate its prognostic value. Methods: Patients with MTC (n = 169) who were treated at a tertiary referral hospital in Korea between 1995 and 2019 were enrolled. To determine the preoperative serum calcitonin cut-off value for predicting structural recurrence, the maximum of the standardized log-rank statistics of all possible cut-off values was used. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Results: The overall disease-free survival rate was 75.7%. The preoperative serum calcitonin cut-off value that predicted structural recurrence was 309 pg/mL. Preoperative serum calcitonin levels of > 309 pg/mL were the strongest independent predictor of disease recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) 5.33, 95% confidence interval (85% CI) 1.67-16.96; P = 0.005). Lateral lymph node metastasis (HR 3.70, 95% CI 1.61-8.51; P = 0.002) and positive resection margins (HR 3.57, 95% CI 1.44-8.88; P = 0.006) were also significant predictors of disease recurrence. Conclusions: The preoperative serum calcitonin cut-off value is useful in clinical practice. It is also the best predictive factor for disease-free survival. Preoperative serum calcitonin levels may help determine the optimal postoperative follow-up strategy for patients with MTC.

Thresholds of Basal- and Calcium-Stimulated Calcitonin for Diagnosis of Thyroid Malignancy.

Since medullary thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive cancer, it is important to have an early detection based on stimulated calcitonin (CT), especially when basal-CT is slightly elevated. The objective of this work was to set specific thresholds for basal-CT- and calcium-stimulated calcitonin for prediction of thyroid malignancy in female population. The study included 2 groups: group A-women with elevated basal-CT (>9.82 pg/ml) and group B-women with normal basal-CT (control group). After calcium stimulation test precise protocol, histopathological reports of those that required surgery were correlated with both basal and stimulated calcitonin. The best basal and stimulated calcitonin cut-offs for distinguishing female patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma or C-Cell-hyperplasia from other pathologies or normal cases were: 12.9 pg/ml, respectively 285.25 pg/ml. For basal-CT above 30 pg/ml, malignancy was diagnosed in 9/9 patients (100%): 9 MTC. For stimulated calcitonin above 300 pg/ml, malignancy was diagnosed in 17/21 patients (80.95%): 12 MTC and 5 papillary thyroid carcinomas. The smallest nodule that proved to be medullary thyroid carcinoma had only 0.56/0.34/0.44 cm on ultrasound, with no other sonographic suspicious criteria. In conclusion, we have identified in Romanian female population basal and stimulated calcitonin thresholds to discriminate medullary thyroid carcinoma or C-Cell-hyperplasia from other cases. We recommend thyroid surgery in all women with stimulated calcitonin above 285 pg/ml. Further studies on larger groups are necessary to establish and confirm male and female cut-offs for early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, and interestingly, maybe for macro-papillary thyroid carcinomas alike. The calcium administration has minimum side-effects, but continuous cardiac monitoring is required.

Calcitonin levels in washout samples vs. cytology in the detection of malignant lymph node metastasis in recurrent medullary thyroid cancer

Background/aim: Calcitonin level in fine-needle aspirate washout fluid (Ct-FNA) was extensively studied for thyroid nodules and lymph nodes (LN). However, the data was scarce for neck recurrences/metastases of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Thus, the diagnostic accuracy of Ct-FNA and cytology in the detection of neck LN metastases of recurrent MTC cases were assessed. Materials and methods: The database of MTC patients between 2010 and 2021 was retrospectively reviewed. A total of 32 patients with recurrent MTC and suspicious LN who underwent FNA and Ct measurement from washout samples were included in this study. Preoperative serum Ct (sCt), Ct-FNA, Ct-FNA/sCt ratio, cytology data were recorded for all participants. Results: Median sCt of 32 patients and Ct-FNA washout fluid levels of operated suspicious 44 LNs were 723 (54­9000) pg/mL and 1800 (151­9500) pg/mL, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of Ct-FNA washout fluid was greater than cytology (95.4% vs. 86%, respectively). Using a cut-off level of >638.5 pg/mL, the Ct-FNA predicted the diagnosis of LN metastasis of recurrent MTC with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 94.9%. Furthermore, using a cut-off level of >1.16, the Ct-FNA/sCt ratio well predicted the diagnosis of LN metastasis of recurrent MTC with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: As Ct-FNA has greater diagnostic accuracy in our study, it would be complementary to cytology results to localize metastatic LNs in recurrent MTC. Furthermore, for the first time, we demonstrated that the Ct-FNA/sCt ratio was a better predictor of metastatic LNs in recurrent MTC than a particular cut-off for Ct-FNA alone.

Association of sleep disturbance with calcitonin, disease severity and health index among patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

ABSTRACT: To investigate the association of sleep disturbance with calcium regulatory hormones, disease severity and health index among the patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).There were 104 AS patients enrolled in the cross-sectional study, and their sleep quality was recorded. Serum levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3 and calcitonin were measured. We evaluated patient's disease activity, functional ability, patient's global assessment, physical mobility, radiographic damage and health index. Blood ESR and CRP levels were tested.Sleep quality was positively correlated with serum calcitonin levels (r = 0.260, P = .008). Bad sleep and advanced radiographic damage were found among the AS patients with detectable serum calcitonin levels (P < .05). Sleep quality was significantly correlated with disease duration, CRP, BASDAI, ASDAS-ESR, ASDAS-CRP, BASFI, BAS-G, BASMI and ASAS-HI among the AS patients (all P < .05). Female gender, longer disease duration, higher ASDAS-CRP and serum calcitonin levels (OR [95% CI] = 3.210 [1.012-10.181], P = .048) were independent factors associated with bad sleep. Inflammation, disease activity, functional ability, patient's global assessment and cervical rotation were useful in predicting bad sleep among the AS patients, and ASDAS-CRP was the best predictor (AUC = 0.772, P < .001).Serum calcitonin levels was elevated in the AS patients with bad sleep, and may participate in the pathophysiology of sleep disturbance. Bad sleep was associated with female gender, longer disease duration, higher inflammation, disease activity, functional impairment, mobility restriction, poor patient's global assessment and health index in AS. ASDAS-CRP was best in predicting bad sleep.

Serum biomarkers to differentiate Gram-negative, Gram-positive and fungal infection in febrile patients.

Introduction. Contamination of specimens and overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics contribute to false positives and false negatives, respectively. Therefore, useful and applicable biomarkers of bacteremia are still required.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. IL-6 can be used as a serum biomarker to discriminate among bacterial infections and fungal infections in febrile patients with a bloodstream infection.Aim. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in discriminating Gram-negative (G-) bacteria from Gram-positive (G+) bacteria and fungi in febrile patients.Methodology. A total of 567 patients with fever were evaluated. Serum levels of IL-6, PCT, NLR and CRP were compared among a G- group (n=188), a G+ group (n=168), a fungal group (n=38) and a culture negative group (n=173). Sensitivity, specificity, Yuden's index and area under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were obtained to analyse the diagnostic abilities of these biomarkers in discriminating bloodstream infection caused by different pathogens.Results. Serum IL-6 and PCT in the G- group increased significantly when compared with both the G+ group and fungal group (P <0.05). AUC of IL-6 (0.767, 95 % CI:0.725-0.805) is higher than AUC of PCT (0.751, 95 % CI:0.708-0.796) in discriminating the G- group from G+ group. When discriminating the G- group from fungal group, the AUC of IL-6 (0.695, 95 % CI:0.651-0.747) with a cut-off value of 464.3 pg ml-1 was also higher than the AUC of PCT (0.630, 95 % CI:0.585-0.688) with a cut-off value of 0.68 ng ml-1. Additionally, AUC of NLR (0.685, 95 % CI:0.646-0.727) in discriminating the fungal group from G+ group at the cut-off value of 9.03, was higher than AUC of IL-6, PCT and CRP.Conclusion. This study suggests that IL-6 could be used as a serum biomarker to discriminate among bacterial infections and fungal infections in febrile patients with a bloodstream infection. In addition, NLR is valuable to discriminate fungal infections from Gram-positive infections in febrile patients with a bloodstream infection.

Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-regulating hormones and plasma and urinary electrolytes in healthy horses.

Intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is used in equine practice to treat hypomagnesemia, dysrhythmias, neurological disorders, and calcium dysregulation. MgSO4 is also used as a calming agent in equestrian events. Hypercalcemia affects calcium-regulating hormones, as well as plasma and urinary electrolytes; however, the effect of hypermagnesemia on these variables is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hypermagnesemia on blood parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), ionized calcium (Ca2+), ionized magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and their urinary fractional excretion (F) after intravenous administration of MgSO4 in healthy horses. Twelve healthy female horses of 4-18 years of age and 432-600 kg of body weight received a single intravenous dose of MgSO4 (60 mg/kg) over 5 minutes, and blood and urine samples were collected at different time points over 360 minutes. Plasma Mg2+ concentrations increased 3.7-fold over baseline values at 5 minutes and remained elevated for 120 minutes (P < 0.05), Ca2+ concentrations decreased from 30-60 minutes (P < 0.05), but Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations did not change. Serum PTH concentrations dropped initially to rebound and remain elevated from 30 to 60 minutes, while CT concentrations increased at 5 minutes to return to baseline by 10 minutes (P < 0.05). The FMg, FCa, FNa, FK, and FCl increased, while urine osmolality decreased from 30-60 minutes compared baseline (P < 0.05). Short-term experimental hypermagnesemia alters calcium-regulating hormones (PTH, CT), reduces plasma Ca2+ concentrations, and increases the urinary excretion of Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- in healthy horses. This information has clinical implications for the short-term effects of hypermagnesemia on calcium-regulation, electrolytes, and neuromuscular activity, in particular with increasing use of Mg salts to treat horses with various acute and chronic conditions as well as a calming agent in equestrian events.

Calcitonin Stimulation Tests: Rationale, Technical Issues and Side Effects: A Review.

Calcitonin (CT) stimulation tests have great value and could help to: differentiate thyroid causes of elevated CT apart from non-thyroid sources, determine whether the patients with slightly elevated basal CT could/could not be candidates for surgery, and indicate the right moment for prophylactic thyroidectomy in children with MEN syndromes when with normal basal CT. This triggered the requests for development of CT stimulation tests, taking into consideration their safety and aimed us to write a systematic review of literature regarding the rationale, technical issues, and side effects of CT stimulating tests used for diagnosis of MTC. After a thorough review of the literature, we classified the reported side effects by severity, as defined by United States Food and Drug Administration. A statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Various side effects were noticed during stimulation tests that differ by intensity, duration and severity, depending on types of substances and protocols used. The side effects after pentagastrin test were significantly more severe than those reported after calcium stimulation test (p=0.0396). There are also significant gender-specific differences in side effects induced by stimulation tests. In conclusion, we recommend performing Ca CT stimulation test when needed, considering preventive evaluation of some clinical, instrumental, and biochemical aspects of each patient. Precise instructions should be followed before a stimulation test and furthermore continuous cardiac monitoring is essential during and after the test to minimize the possibility of a serious event.

Medullary thyroid cancer outcomes in patients with undetectable versus normalized postoperative calcitonin levels.

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin (Ct) is a sensitive diagnostic biomarker and one of the most important prognostic factors in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). This study aimed to evaluate progression-free survival and recurrence rates of MTC associated with undetectable compared with normalized serum Ct levels after surgery. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included patients operated for MTC at the Digestive and Endocrine Surgery Department of Lyon Sud Hospital Centre between 2000 and 2019. Clinical and pathological factors were correlated with postoperative Ct concentrations. Undetectable and normalized Ct concentrations were defined as below 2 pg/ml and 2-10 pg/ml respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 176 patients were treated for MTC, and 127 were considered biochemically cured after surgery. Of these, 24 and 103 had normalized and undetectable Ct concentrations respectively. Patients with Ct level normalization had a 25 per cent risk of disease recurrence, compared with 3 per cent in patients with undetectable Ct levels after surgery. The presence of metastasis in two or more compartments was predictive of failure to achieve undetectable Ct concentrations after surgery and an increased risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Among patients with biochemically cured MTC, those with undetectable or normalized Ct concentrations after surgery had different risks of recurrence. Simply assessing postoperative Ct normalization can be falsely reassuring, and long-term follow-up is needed. LAY SUMMARY: Calcitonin (Ct) is a sensitive diagnostic biomarker and one of the most important prognostic factors for medullary thyroid cancer outcomes; however, the significance of postoperative Ct levels remains controversial. This study evaluated the differences between normal and undetectable postoperative Ct levels in patients who had undergone surgical treatment for medullary thyroid cancer. Patients who experienced postoperative Ct level normalization had a higher risk of disease recurrence than those with undetectable Ct levels after surgery.

Calcitonin (Ct) is a sensitive diagnostic biomarker and one of the most important prognostic factors for medullary thyroid cancer outcomes; however, the significance of postoperative Ct levels remains controversial. This study evaluated the differences between normal and undetectable postoperative Ct levels in patients who had undergone surgical treatment for medullary thyroid cancer. Patients who experienced postoperative Ct level normalization had a higher risk of disease recurrence than those with undetectable Ct levels after surgery.

Diagnostic Challenges of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) comprises 1-2% of all thyroid cancers, yet 15% of all thyroid cancer-related deaths. While up to 20% of cases may be predicted due to autosomal dominant germline mutations, 80% of cases are sporadic. However, due to non-specific presenting symptoms and diagnostic imaging, prompt diagnosis and treatment has remained elusive. This article will further investigate the limitations of MTC diagnosis and look into future areas for diagnostic improvement. METHODS: Relevant articles were identified using a systematic PubMed and Google Scholar search. RESULTS: Prophylactic total thyroidectomy for the 20% of MTC cases that are present in autosomal dominant disorder provides definitive treatment. Serum calcitonin (Ctn) screening has several technical limitations due to population variability and laboratory assay interference, but advances in laboratory technology and combined use with fine needle aspiration increase its sensitivity. Other serum assays such as carcinoembryonic antigen and procalcitonin have limited applicability. Thyroid ultrasound remains the gold standard for the initial diagnostic planning, with limited application for CT, MRI, and PET imaging. CONCLUSION: With complete surgical resection the only definitive treatment, early MTC diagnosis has presented an elusive challenge, mainly due to its relative rarity and difficulty in finding an economic screening strategy. Careful family history combined with fine needle aspiration with serum Ctn analysis can improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to greater than 95%.